fix(core): Use consistent timezone-aware timestamps in postgres (#6948)

Fixes:
* ENG-51 / N8N-2490
* PAY-397
* #2178
* #2810
* #3855

Supersedes #2813

[DB
Tests](https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/actions/runs/6000780146/job/16273596338)

packages/cli/src/databases/migrations/postgresdb/1694091729095-MigrateToTimestampTz.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import type { IrreversibleMigration, MigrationContext } from '@/databases/types';
+
+const defaultTimestampColumns = ['createdAt', 'updatedAt'];
+const tablesWithDefaultTimestamps = [
+	'auth_identity',
+	'credentials_entity',
+	'event_destinations',
+	'installed_packages',
+	'role',
+	'shared_credentials',
+	'shared_workflow',
+	'tag_entity',
+	'user',
+	'workflow_entity',
+];
+
+const additionalColumns = {
+	auth_provider_sync_history: ['endedAt', 'startedAt'],
+	execution_entity: ['startedAt', 'stoppedAt', 'waitTill'],
+	workflow_statistics: ['latestEvent'],
+};
+
+export class MigrateToTimestampTz1694091729095 implements IrreversibleMigration {
+	async up({ queryRunner, tablePrefix }: MigrationContext) {
+		const changeColumnType = async (tableName: string, columnName: string, setDefault: boolean) => {
+			const alterColumnQuery = `ALTER TABLE "${tablePrefix}${tableName}" ALTER COLUMN "${columnName}"`;
+			await queryRunner.query(`${alterColumnQuery} TYPE TIMESTAMP(3) WITH TIME ZONE`);
+			if (setDefault)
+				await queryRunner.query(`${alterColumnQuery} SET DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(3)`);
+		};
+
+		for (const tableName of tablesWithDefaultTimestamps) {
+			for (const columnName of defaultTimestampColumns) {
+				await changeColumnType(tableName, columnName, true);
+			}
+		}
+
+		for (const [tableName, columnNames] of Object.entries(additionalColumns)) {
+			for (const columnName of columnNames) {
+				await changeColumnType(tableName, columnName, false);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

packages/cli/src/databases/migrations/postgresdb/index.ts

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ import { CreateWorkflowHistoryTable1692967111175 } from '../common/1692967111175
 import { DisallowOrphanExecutions1693554410387 } from '../common/1693554410387-DisallowOrphanExecutions';
 import { ExecutionSoftDelete1693491613982 } from '../common/1693491613982-ExecutionSoftDelete';
 import { AddWorkflowMetadata1695128658538 } from '../common/1695128658538-AddWorkflowMetadata';
+import { MigrateToTimestampTz1694091729095 } from './1694091729095-MigrateToTimestampTz';
 
 export const postgresMigrations: Migration[] = [
 	InitialMigration1587669153312,
@@ -97,4 +98,5 @@ export const postgresMigrations: Migration[] = [
 	DisallowOrphanExecutions1693554410387,
 	ExecutionSoftDelete1693491613982,
 	AddWorkflowMetadata1695128658538,
+	MigrateToTimestampTz1694091729095,
 ];